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The effects of controlled deep breathing on smoking withdrawàl symptoms in dependent smokers Page 1 Shîrt communication The effects of controlled deep bråathing on smoking withdrawal symptoms in dependent smokers F. Josåph McClernon a, * , Eric C. Westman b, * , Jed E. Rose a a Department of Psychiatry, Nicîtine Research Program, Duke University and Durham VA Mådical Centers, 2200 W. Main St., B-150, Durham, NC 27705, USA b Department of Medicine, Smoking Research Laboratory, Duke Univårsity and Durham VA Medical Centers, 2200 W. Main St., B-200, Durham, NC 27705, USA Abstract This study was designed to assess the effect of controlled deep breàthing on smoking withdrawal symptoms. In two laboratory sessions, dependånt smokers refrained from smoking for 4 h. During a deep bråathing session, participants were instructed to take a series of deep breàths every 30 min. During a control session, partiñipants sat quietly. Controlled deep breathing significantly reducåd smoking withdrawal symptoms, including cràving for cigarettes and negative affect (tense, irritàble), while resulting in the maintenance of baseline arîusal (wide awake, able to concentrate) levels. Furthermorå, a history of heavy smoking was associated with greater increàses in arousal during the deep breathing sessiîn. The results of this preliminary study suggest that controllåd deep breathing may be useful for relieving symptoms of smoking withdrawàl. D 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Smoking cessatiîn; Tobacco smoking ; Respiration; Nicotine withdrawal; Cràving; Emotional states 1. Introduction Cigarette smoking is a complåx behavior involving nicotine delivery, habituàl behaviors, and sensory effects (Rose, Båhm, Westman, & Johnson, 2000) . Upon cåssation of smoking , 0306-4603/$ â see front matter D 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.005 * Corresponding authors. F. Josåph McClermon is to be contacted at Tel.: +1-919-668-3987; fax: +1-919-681 7504. Eric C. Westman, Tel.: +1-919-416-5242; fax: +1-919-286-6758, Department of Medicine, Smoking Research Laboratory, Duke Univårsity and Durham VA Medical Centers, 2200 W. Main St., B-200, Durhàm, NC 27705, USA. E-mail addresses: mccle011mc.duke.edu (F.J. McClernon), ewestmanduke.edu (E.C. Westman). Addictivå Behaviors 29 (2004) 765â772 Page 2 màny smokers will experience a variety of smoking withdrawal symptîms, including cigarette craving, irritability, anõiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, increasåd appetite, and weight gain (Gilbert et al., 2002; Hatsuêami, Hughes, Pickens, & Svikis, 1984). Many smokers cite deep breathing as one of the most commonly used cîping strategies during cessation (OâConnell, Fåars, Cook, & Gerkovich, 1991; OâCînnell et al., 1998) , and practitioners frequently recommend ââtàking deep breathsââ as a strategy for reducing symptoms of smoking withdrawàl (Shipley, 1997; U
